Understorey (less than 3m)
Fallow deer have denuded this understorey.
This photograph is of a silver beech forest inhabited by a fallow deer herd. The understorey of beech forest is normally much more densely vegetated than this. Such severe over grazing of the understorey will affect forest regeneration.
Photograph: Crown Copyright: Department of Conservation Te Papa Atawhai, 2014